Description: Homo sapiens sonic hedgehog (SHH), mRNA. RefSeq Summary (NM_000193): This gene encodes a protein that is instrumental in patterning the early embryo. It has been implicated as the key inductive signal in patterning of the ventral neural tube, the anterior-posterior limb axis, and the ventral somites. Of three human proteins showing sequence and functional similarity to the sonic hedgehog protein of Drosophila, this protein is the most similar. The protein is made as a precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved; the N-terminal portion is soluble and contains the signalling activity while the C-terminal portion is involved in precursor processing. More importantly, the C-terminal product covalently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the N-terminal product, restricting the N-terminal product to the cell surface and preventing it from freely diffusing throughout the developing embryo. Defects in this protein or in its signalling pathway are a cause of holoprosencephaly (HPE), a disorder in which the developing forebrain fails to correctly separate into right and left hemispheres. HPE is manifested by facial deformities. It is also thought that mutations in this gene or in its signalling pathway may be responsible for VACTERL syndrome, which is characterized by vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, radial and renal dysplasia, cardiac anomalies, and limb abnormalities. Additionally, mutations in a long range enhancer located approximately 1 megabase upstream of this gene disrupt limb patterning and can result in preaxial polydactyly. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Transcript (Including UTRs) Position: hg19 chr7:155,595,558-155,601,766 Size: 6,209 Total Exon Count: 4 Strand: - Coding Region Position: hg19 chr7:155,595,594-155,599,443 Size: 3,850 Coding Exon Count: 3
ID:SHH_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Sonic hedgehog protein; Short=SHH; AltName: Full=HHG-1; Contains: RecName: Full=Sonic hedgehog protein N-product; Contains: RecName: Full=Sonic hedgehog protein C-product; Flags: Precursor; FUNCTION: Binds to the patched (PTC) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (SMO), to activate the transcription of target genes. In the absence of SHH, PTC represses the constitutive signaling activity of SMO. Also regulates another target, the gli oncogene. Intercellular signal essential for a variety of patterning events during development: signal produced by the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites, and the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud. Displays both floor plate- and motor neuron-inducing activity. The threshold concentration of N-product required for motor neuron induction is 5-fold lower than that required for floor plate induction (By similarity). SUBUNIT: Interacts with HHATL/GUP1 which negatively regulates HHAT-mediated palmitoylation of the SHH N-terminus. N-product is active as a multimer (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Sonic hedgehog protein C-product: Secreted, extracellular space (By similarity). Note=The C-terminal peptide diffuses from the cell (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Sonic hedgehog protein N-product: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor (By similarity). Note=The N-product either remains associated with lipid rafts at the cell surface, or forms freely diffusible active multimers with its hydrophobic lipid- modified N- and C-termini buried inside (By similarity). TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in fetal intestine, liver, lung, and kidney. Not expressed in adult tissues. PTM: The C-terminal domain displays an autoproteolysis activity and a cholesterol transferase activity. Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein and covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated N- terminal fragment (N-product). The N-product is the active species in both local and long-range signaling, whereas the C-product has no signaling activity. PTM: Cholesterylation is required for N-product targeting to lipid rafts and multimerization (By similarity). PTM: N-palmitoylation of Cys-24 by HHAT is required for N-product multimerization and full activity (By similarity). MASS SPECTROMETRY: Mass=19.560; Method=Electrospray; Range=24-197; Note=Soluble N-product, purified from insect cells; Source=PubMed:9593755; MASS SPECTROMETRY: Mass=20.167; Method=Electrospray; Range=24-197; Note=Membrane-bound N-product, purified from insect cells; Source=PubMed:9593755; DISEASE: Defects in SHH are the cause of microphthalmia isolated with coloboma type 5 (MCOPCB5) [MIM:611638]. Microphthalmia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder of eye formation, ranging from small size of a single eye to complete bilateral absence of ocular tissues. Ocular abnormalities like opacities of the cornea and lens, scaring of the retina and choroid, cataract and other abnormalities like cataract may also be present. Ocular colobomas are a set of malformations resulting from abnormal morphogenesis of the optic cup and stalk, and the fusion of the fetal fissure (optic fissure). DISEASE: Defects in SHH are the cause of holoprosencephaly type 3 (HPE3) [MIM:142945]. Holoprosencephaly (HPE) [MIM:236100] is the most common structural anomaly of the brain, in which the developing forebrain fails to correctly separate into right and left hemispheres. Holoprosencephaly is genetically heterogeneous and associated with several distinct facies and phenotypic variability. The majority of HPE3 cases are apparently sporadic, although clear examples of autosomal dominant inheritance have been described. Interestingly, up to 30% of obligate carriers of HPE3 gene in autosomal dominant pedigrees are clinically unaffected. DISEASE: Defects in SHH are a cause of solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) [MIM:147250]. SMMCI is a rare dental anomaly characterized by the congenital absence of one maxillary central incisor. DISEASE: Defects in SHH are the cause of triphalangeal thumb- polysyndactyly syndrome (TPTPS) [MIM:174500]. TPTPS is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of pre- and post-axial abnormalities due to altered SHH expression pattern during limb development. TPTPS mutations have been mapped to the 7q36 locus in the LMBR1 gene which contains in its intron 5 a long-range cis-regulatory element of SHH expression. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the hedgehog family. WEB RESOURCE: Name=Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology; URL="http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/SHHID378.html"; WEB RESOURCE: Name=GeneReviews; URL="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/GeneTests/lab/gene/SHH"; WEB RESOURCE: Name=NIEHS-SNPs; URL="http://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/shh/";
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on Q15465
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
AY927455 - Homo sapiens mRNA sequence. AY927454 - Homo sapiens mRNA sequence. AY927452 - Homo sapiens mRNA sequence. AY927453 - Homo sapiens mRNA sequence. L38518 - Homo sapiens sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) mRNA, complete cds. JD216929 - Sequence 197953 from Patent EP1572962. AB464234 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB7188, Homo sapiens SHH gene for sonic hedgehog homolog, without stop codon, in Flexi system. BC111925 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:40080739, MGC:133452 SHH protein (SHH) mRNA, encodes complete protein. AY927450 - Homo sapiens mRNA sequence. AY927451 - Homo sapiens mRNA sequence.
Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
KEGG - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes hsa04340 - Hedgehog signaling pathway hsa05200 - Pathways in cancer hsa05217 - Basal cell carcinoma
BioCarta from NCI Cancer Genome Anatomy Project h_ptc1Pathway - Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) Receptor Ptc1 Regulates cell cycle h_shhPathway - Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) Pathway
Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)
Protein Q15465 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):
R-NUL-5362406 mouse Disp2 binds SHH N-terminal fragment R-HSA-5362437 C-terminal Hh fragments are bound by lectins R-HSA-5358340 Autoproteolytic cleavage of Hh precursors R-HSA-5358343 HHAT palmitoylates Hh N-terminal fragment R-HSA-5362450 Hh processing variants bind lectins R-HSA-5358336 P4HB forms mixed disulphides with Hh precursors R-HSA-5362459 VCP-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis promotes the translocation of Hh-C into the cytosol R-HSA-5362422 Hh-Np binds to DISP2 R-HSA-5362427 Hh-Np binds GPC5 R-HSA-5362793 Hh-Np is cleaved by ADAM17 to promote ligand shedding R-HSA-445448 HHIP binds Hedgehog R-HSA-5632649 Hh-Npp binds GAS1 and PTCH R-HSA-5632652 Hh-Npp binds CDON and PTCH R-HSA-5632653 Hh-Npp binds BOC:PTCH1 R-HSA-5387389 Hh processing variants are translocated to the cytosol in a VCP-dependent manner R-HSA-5362551 Hh-Np binds SCUBE2 in the extracellular region to promote long-range signalling R-HSA-5362553 NOTUM releases Hh-Np:GPC5 from the plasma membrane R-HSA-5362441 C-terminal Hh fragments are recruited to SEL1:SYVN1 at the ER membrane R-HSA-5387386 Hh processing variants are recruited to SEL1:SYVN at the ER membrane R-HSA-5362412 SYVN1 ubiquitinates Hh C-terminal fragments R-HSA-5483238 Hh processing variants are ubiquitinated R-HSA-5358346 Hedgehog ligand biogenesis R-HSA-5658034 HHAT G278V abrogates palmitoylation of Hh-Np R-HSA-5362768 Hh mutants that don't undergo autocatalytic processing are degraded by ERAD R-HSA-5362798 Release of Hh-Np from the secreting cell R-HSA-5632681 Ligand-receptor interactions R-HSA-5358351 Signaling by Hedgehog R-HSA-5387390 Hh mutants abrogate ligand secretion R-HSA-5632684 Hedgehog 'on' state R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction R-HSA-5663202 Diseases of signal transduction R-HSA-1643685 Disease
US Server
