Human Gene MLKL (ENST00000306247.11) from GENCODE V44
  Description: Homo sapiens mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL), transcript variant 2, mRNA. (from RefSeq NM_001142497)
RefSeq Summary (NM_001142497): This gene belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. The encoded protein contains a protein kinase-like domain; however, is thought to be inactive because it lacks several residues required for activity. This protein plays a critical role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necroptosis, a programmed cell death process, via interaction with receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), which is a key signaling molecule in necroptosis pathway. Inhibitor studies and knockdown of this gene inhibited TNF-induced necrosis. High levels of this protein and RIP3 are associated with inflammatory bowel disease in children. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015].
Gencode Transcript: ENST00000306247.11
Gencode Gene: ENSG00000168404.13
Transcript (Including UTRs)
   Position: hg38 chr16:74,671,855-74,700,790 Size: 28,936 Total Exon Count: 6 Strand: -
Coding Region
   Position: hg38 chr16:74,672,504-74,695,757 Size: 23,254 Coding Exon Count: 5 

Page IndexSequence and LinksUniProtKB CommentsPrimersCTDRNA-Seq Expression
Microarray ExpressionRNA StructureProtein StructureOther SpeciesGO AnnotationsmRNA Descriptions
PathwaysOther NamesMethods
Data last updated at UCSC: 2023-08-18 00:09:47

-  Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases
 
Genomic Sequence (chr16:74,671,855-74,700,790)mRNA (may differ from genome)Protein (263 aa)
Gene SorterGenome BrowserOther Species FASTAGene interactionsTable SchemaAlphaFold
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HGNCHPRDLynxMalacardsMGIneXtProt
OMIMPubMedReactomeUniProtKBWikipediaBioGrid CRISPR DB

-  Comments and Description Text from UniProtKB
  ID: MLKL_HUMAN
DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein;
INTERACTION: Q9Y572:RIPK3; NbExp=10; IntAct=EBI-1055040, EBI-298250;
DOMAIN: The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive.
SIMILARITY: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
SIMILARITY: Contains 1 protein kinase domain.

-  Primer design for this transcript
 

Primer3Plus can design qPCR Primers that straddle exon-exon-junctions, which amplify only cDNA, not genomic DNA.
Click here to load the transcript sequence and exon structure into Primer3Plus

Exonprimer can design one pair of Sanger sequencing primers around every exon, located in non-genic sequence.
Click here to open Exonprimer with this transcript

To design primers for a non-coding sequence, zoom to a region of interest and select from the drop-down menu: View > In External Tools > Primer3


-  Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
  The following chemicals interact with this gene           more ... click here to view the complete list

-  RNA-Seq Expression Data from GTEx (53 Tissues, 570 Donors)
  Highest median expression: 30.06 RPKM in Spleen
Total median expression: 306.06 RPKM



View in GTEx track of Genome Browser    View at GTEx portal     View GTEx Body Map

+  Microarray Expression Data
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  mRNA Secondary Structure of 3' and 5' UTRs
 
RegionFold EnergyBasesEnergy/Base
Display As
5' UTR -143.40340-0.422 Picture PostScript Text
3' UTR -155.70649-0.240 Picture PostScript Text

The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.

-  Protein Domain and Structure Information
  InterPro Domains: Graphical view of domain structure
IPR011009 - Kinase-like_dom
IPR000719 - Prot_kinase_cat_dom
IPR001245 - Ser-Thr/Tyr_kinase_cat_dom

Pfam Domains:
PF07714 - Protein tyrosine kinase

ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on Q8NB16
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The pictures above may be empty if there is no ModBase structure for the protein. The ModBase structure frequently covers just a fragment of the protein. You may be asked to log onto ModBase the first time you click on the pictures. It is simplest after logging in to just click on the picture again to get to the specific info on that model.

-  Orthologous Genes in Other Species
  Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
MouseRatZebrafishD. melanogasterC. elegansS. cerevisiae
Genome BrowserGenome BrowserNo orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo ortholog
Gene Details     
Gene Sorter     
MGIRGD    
Protein SequenceProtein Sequence    
AlignmentAlignment    

-  Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations with Structured Vocabulary
  Molecular Function:
GO:0000166 nucleotide binding
GO:0004871 signal transducer activity
GO:0005515 protein binding
GO:0005524 ATP binding
GO:0019901 protein kinase binding
GO:0042802 identical protein binding
GO:0044877 macromolecular complex binding
GO:0004672 protein kinase activity

Biological Process:
GO:0007166 cell surface receptor signaling pathway
GO:0012501 programmed cell death
GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction
GO:0070207 protein homotrimerization
GO:0070266 necroptotic process
GO:0006468 protein phosphorylation

Cellular Component:
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
GO:0005829 cytosol
GO:0005886 plasma membrane
GO:0016020 membrane


-  Descriptions from all associated GenBank mRNAs
  BC028141 - Homo sapiens mixed lineage kinase domain-like, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:40065 IMAGE:5214733), complete cds.
AK093013 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ35694 fis, clone SPLEN2019575.
AK122998 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ16776 fis, clone BRHIP2002510.
AL833362 - Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp667E1714 (from clone DKFZp667E1714).
AK091708 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ34389 fis, clone HCHON2000087.
AX747141 - Sequence 666 from Patent EP1308459.
JD455172 - Sequence 436196 from Patent EP1572962.
JD180883 - Sequence 161907 from Patent EP1572962.
JD040585 - Sequence 21609 from Patent EP1572962.
JD168918 - Sequence 149942 from Patent EP1572962.
JD377271 - Sequence 358295 from Patent EP1572962.
JD104225 - Sequence 85249 from Patent EP1572962.
JD228889 - Sequence 209913 from Patent EP1572962.
JD133497 - Sequence 114521 from Patent EP1572962.
KJ895782 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_05176 MLKL gene, encodes complete protein.
AB528032 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB0417, Homo sapiens MLKL gene for mixed lineage kinase domain-like, without stop codon, in Flexi system.
CU688408 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens gateway clone IMAGE:100018065 5' read MLKL mRNA.
JD487938 - Sequence 468962 from Patent EP1572962.
JD042028 - Sequence 23052 from Patent EP1572962.
JD196685 - Sequence 177709 from Patent EP1572962.
JD081187 - Sequence 62211 from Patent EP1572962.
JD226904 - Sequence 207928 from Patent EP1572962.
JD474149 - Sequence 455173 from Patent EP1572962.

-  Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
  Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)

Protein Q8NB16 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):

R-HSA-5218891 RIPK1:RIPK3 oligomer binds MLKL
R-HSA-5218906 RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL
R-HSA-5213460 RIPK1-mediated regulated necrosis
R-HSA-5218859 Regulated Necrosis
R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death

-  Other Names for This Gene
  Alternate Gene Symbols: A6NCE4, ENST00000306247.1, ENST00000306247.10, ENST00000306247.2, ENST00000306247.3, ENST00000306247.4, ENST00000306247.5, ENST00000306247.6, ENST00000306247.7, ENST00000306247.8, ENST00000306247.9, MLKL_HUMAN, NM_001142497, Q8N6V0, Q8NB16, uc002fdc.1, uc002fdc.2, uc002fdc.3
UCSC ID: ENST00000306247.11
RefSeq Accession: NM_001142497
Protein: Q8NB16 (aka MLKL_HUMAN)
CCDS: CCDS45528.1

-  Methods, Credits, and Use Restrictions
  Click here for details on how this gene model was made and data restrictions if any.