Human Gene HK2 (ENST00000290573.7) from GENCODE V44
Description: Homo sapiens hexokinase 2 (HK2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. (from RefSeq NM_000189) RefSeq Summary (NM_000189): Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes hexokinase 2, the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]. Sequence Note: The RefSeq transcript and protein were derived from genomic sequence to make the sequence consistent with the reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the transcript record were based on alignments. Gencode Transcript: ENST00000290573.7 Gencode Gene: ENSG00000159399.10 Transcript (Including UTRs) Position: hg38 chr2:74,834,127-74,893,359 Size: 59,233 Total Exon Count: 18 Strand: + Coding Region Position: hg38 chr2:74,834,581-74,890,941 Size: 56,361 Coding Exon Count: 18
ID:HXK2_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Hexokinase-2; EC=2.7.1.1; AltName: Full=Hexokinase type II; Short=HK II; AltName: Full=Muscle form hexokinase; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate. ENZYME REGULATION: Hexokinase is an allosteric enzyme inhibited by its product Glc-6-P. PATHWAY: Carbohydrate metabolism; hexose metabolism. SUBUNIT: Monomer (By similarity). SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion outer membrane (By similarity). Note=Its hydrophobic N-terminal sequence may be involved in membrane binding (By similarity). TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Predominant hexokinase isozyme expressed in insulin-responsive tissues such as skeletal muscle. DOMAIN: The N- and C-terminal halves of this hexokinase show extensive sequence similarity to each other. The catalytic activity is associated with the C-terminus while regulatory function is associated with the N-terminus. Each domain can bind a single glucose and Gluc-6-P molecule. POLYMORPHISM: Although found in NIDDM patients, genetic variations of HK2 do not contribute to the disease. MISCELLANEOUS: In vertebrates there are four major glucose- phosphorylating isoenzymes, designated hexokinase I, II, III and IV (glucokinase). SIMILARITY: Belongs to the hexokinase family. WEB RESOURCE: Name=NIEHS-SNPs; URL="http://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/hk2/"; WEB RESOURCE: Name=Wikipedia; Note=Hexokinase entry; URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexokinase";
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P52789
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
Biological Process: GO:0001678 cellular glucose homeostasis GO:0002931 response to ischemia GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolic process GO:0006006 glucose metabolic process GO:0006096 glycolytic process GO:0007595 lactation GO:0008152 metabolic process GO:0008637 apoptotic mitochondrial changes GO:0016310 phosphorylation GO:0019318 hexose metabolic process GO:0035795 negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability GO:0045766 positive regulation of angiogenesis GO:0046324 regulation of glucose import GO:0046835 carbohydrate phosphorylation GO:0051156 glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process GO:0061621 canonical glycolysis GO:0072655 establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion GO:0072656 maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion GO:1904925 positive regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization GO:1990830 cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor GO:2000378 negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
AF148513 - Homo sapiens hexokinase II (HKII) mRNA, complete cds. BC021116 - Homo sapiens hexokinase 2, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:31922 IMAGE:4652321), complete cds. BC064369 - Homo sapiens hexokinase 2, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:74789 IMAGE:5586773), complete cds. AK290357 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ75392 complete cds, highly similar to Homo sapiens hexokinase II (HKII) mRNA. Z46376 - H.sapiens HK2 mRNA for hexokinase II. KJ905210 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_14666 HK2 gene, encodes complete protein. KJ905211 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_14667 HK2 gene, encodes complete protein. CU676834 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens gateway clone IMAGE:100020478 5' read HK2 mRNA. AB384729 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB3030, Homo sapiens HK2 gene for hexokinase-2, complete cds, without stop codon, in Flexi system. DQ895770 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100010230; FLH187475.01L; RZPDo839H0962D hexokinase 2 (HK2) gene, encodes complete protein. EU176361 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100006467; FLH187482.01X; RZPDo839B11251D hexokinase 2 (HK2) gene, encodes complete protein. CR749202 - Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp686M1669 (from clone DKFZp686M1669). JD191840 - Sequence 172864 from Patent EP1572962. JD391741 - Sequence 372765 from Patent EP1572962. JD464423 - Sequence 445447 from Patent EP1572962. JD294745 - Sequence 275769 from Patent EP1572962. JD314045 - Sequence 295069 from Patent EP1572962. JD543810 - Sequence 524834 from Patent EP1572962. DQ580534 - Homo sapiens piRNA piR-48646, complete sequence. JD282917 - Sequence 263941 from Patent EP1572962. JD532785 - Sequence 513809 from Patent EP1572962. JD394790 - Sequence 375814 from Patent EP1572962. JD087273 - Sequence 68297 from Patent EP1572962. JD180858 - Sequence 161882 from Patent EP1572962. JD159326 - Sequence 140350 from Patent EP1572962. JD423897 - Sequence 404921 from Patent EP1572962. JD279056 - Sequence 260080 from Patent EP1572962. JD249499 - Sequence 230523 from Patent EP1572962. JD203432 - Sequence 184456 from Patent EP1572962. JD555758 - Sequence 536782 from Patent EP1572962. JD454672 - Sequence 435696 from Patent EP1572962. JD170498 - Sequence 151522 from Patent EP1572962. JD092910 - Sequence 73934 from Patent EP1572962. JD561875 - Sequence 542899 from Patent EP1572962. JD103387 - Sequence 84411 from Patent EP1572962. JD058389 - Sequence 39413 from Patent EP1572962. JD144448 - Sequence 125472 from Patent EP1572962. JD498661 - Sequence 479685 from Patent EP1572962. JD390778 - Sequence 371802 from Patent EP1572962. JD376262 - Sequence 357286 from Patent EP1572962. JD332569 - Sequence 313593 from Patent EP1572962. JD080599 - Sequence 61623 from Patent EP1572962. JD498101 - Sequence 479125 from Patent EP1572962.
Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
KEGG - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes hsa00010 - Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis hsa00051 - Fructose and mannose metabolism hsa00052 - Galactose metabolism hsa00500 - Starch and sucrose metabolism hsa00520 - Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism hsa00524 - Butirosin and neomycin biosynthesis hsa01100 - Metabolic pathways hsa04910 - Insulin signaling pathway hsa04930 - Type II diabetes mellitus
BioCyc Knowledge Library PWY-5514 - UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine biosynthesis II PWY-5661-1 - GDP-glucose biosynthesis II PWY-5941 - glycogenolysis PWY0-1182 - trehalose degradation PWY66-400 - glycolysis PWY66-407 - superpathway of conversion of glucose to acetyl CoA and entry into the TCA cycle UDPNACETYLGALSYN-PWY - UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis II
Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)
Protein P52789 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):