Description
CpG islands are associated with genes, particularly housekeeping
genes, in vertebrates. CpG islands are typically common near
transcription start sites, and may be associated with promoter
regions. Normally a C (cytosine) base followed immediately by a
G (guanine) base (a CpG) is rare in
vertebrate DNA because the Cs in such an arrangement tend to be
methylated. This methylation helps distinguish the newly synthesized
DNA strand from the parent strand, which aids in the final stages of
DNA proofreading after duplication. However, over evolutionary time
methylated Cs tend to turn into Ts because of spontaneous
deamination. The result is that CpGs are relatively rare unless
there is selective pressure to keep them or a region is not methylated
for some reason, perhaps having to do with the regulation of gene
expression. CpG islands are regions where CpGs are present at
significantly higher levels than is typical for the genome as a whole.
Methods
CpG islands are predicted by searching the sequence one base at a
time, scoring each dinucleotide (+17 for CG and -1 for others) and
identifying maximally scoring segments. Each segment is then
evaluated for the following criteria:
- GC content roughly 50% or greater
- length greater than 200
- ratio greater than 0.6 of observed number of CG dinucleotides to the
expected number on the basis of the GC content of the segment
The CpG count is the number of CG dinucleotides in the island.
The Percentage CpG is the ratio of CpG nucleotide bases
(twice the CpG count) to the length.
Credits
This track was generated using a modification of a program developed by
G. Miklem and L. Hillier.
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