Zuckerman et al., Atherosclerosis 1992
:
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor ( GM-CSF ) stimulated macrophages had a 3-5-fold reduction in apo E secretion, comparable to that observed for gamma interferon ( IFN gamma ), while tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) resulted in a 2-fold decrease ... The opposing effects of GM-CSF and TGF-beta on apo E secretion were consistent with similar changes detected in apo E mRNA levels
Zuckerman et al., Atherosclerosis 1993
:
In addition to increasing apo E secretion in macrophages and foam cells, dexamethasone and 8-bromo-cAMP inhibited the down-regulation of apo E secretion mediated by LPS and GM-CSF